Cystitis is inflammation of the inner lining of the bladder, usually caused by bacteria, E. coli in particular; it is common in women. The main symptoms are burning when passing urine, frequent urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, lower abdominal pain and blood in the urine. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms, an examination and a urine test; treatment usually involves antibiotics.
What Is Cystitis?
Cystitis is the most common type of urinary tract infection and is common in women. It is usually a bacterial infection, although other factors such as irritating substances can also play a part.
Symptoms
- Pain or burning when passing urine
- A frequent urge to pass urine (often without passing more urine)
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or pelvis
- Blood in the urine
Causes
The bacterium most often responsible is E. coli. Irritating substances such as perfumes or soaps, sex, pregnancy and a weakened immune system can also make cystitis more likely.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms and an examination. A urine test is done, with a urine culture if needed. In some cases imaging such as ultrasound or computed tomography may be used.
Treatment
Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment. The medicine is chosen according to how severe the infection is and the result of the urine culture. Painkillers and medicines that make the urine alkaline can be added to ease the symptoms. Probiotics may be recommended before or after antibiotic treatment to protect the gut flora. For more details, see the cystitis treatment page.
To Reduce the Risk
- Drink plenty of water and go to the toilet regularly.
- Clean and dry the genital area properly after using the toilet.
- Pay attention to general and sexual hygiene.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment ease the symptoms and help to prevent complications, so see your doctor rather than waiting for it to pass.
